Nervous System Lab

Part 1. Nerve Histology

1.

Peripheral nerve and Axons

Section of the spinal nerve

2.

The comparison of nervous tissue and muscle tissue is simple. Nervous tissue is protected by a outer sheath called the perineurium which is a type of connective tissue. Muscle tissue is protected by a layer called the perimysium which is also a connective tissue. Both nerves also contain fascicle of axons. Connective tissue is surrounded by fibers that offer protection to the body and organs. There are different types of connective tissue. Interlaced arrangement is a connective tissue that provides a layer around muscles, the brain, and the spinal cord. These all have the same basic arrangement.

3.

The distal part of the peripheral nerve is narrower than the proximal part due to the number of fibers. As nerves run away from the spinal column they travel outward towards the muscles, skin, and extremities therefore at the distal part of the nerve there are fewer fibers. 

4.

Lipids are fat cells that can be found in the myelin sheath that protect nerves. Disease process of the myelin sheath is usually diagnosed from biopsy. One disease is called Gaucher disease and it's the most common disease affiliated with lipid deficiency. Symptoms can include swollen lymph nodes, enlarged spleen and liver, and liver malfunction.

5.

 Part 2. Anatomy of a Neuron

 The function of a motor neuron is to carry electrical impulses to a muscle.
The function of a sensory neuron is to stimulate and activate motor neurons in order to control muscle movement.
The function of a interneuron is to create electrical circuits. These allow communication between sensory neurons,motor neurons, and the central nervous system. These all work hand in hand to communicate feeling and movements to the body.









Part 3. Reaction Time Rulers. 

1.I responded to the visual stimulus better. My partner Gary responded to the Auditory stimulus better. Auditory stimulus reaches the cortex faster.
2. I responded to the tactile stimulus slower as well as Gary.
3.  Nerve pathways rely on the movement of positively-charged ions across the nervous cell membrane.  Nerve impulses are generated and then transported along the entire axon of the neuron.
4. Reflex is a neural pathway that controls sensory neurons.
5. My hypothesis was correct in that I thought my visual stimulus work the best. Although research shows auditory stimulus to be faster. So by my results my hypothesis was supported.

Part 4. Divisions of the peripheral nervous system

References 

Johnson, Michael D. Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues. 4th ed. San Francisco: Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Print.

"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke." National Institutes of Health, 3 Sept. 2013. Web. 25 Oct. 2015.

http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/lipid_storage_diseases/detail_lipid_storage_diseases.htm

Lab 7 Immune System

Lab 7 Immune system

Part 1. Erythrocytes and Leukocytes

Leukocytes

1. Basophils- Rarest white blood cells. Contain histamine that initiates the inflammatory response.

2. Eosinophils- The first to defend the body against large parasites such as worms.

3. Lymphocytes- Total 30% of circulating white blood cells. They are found in the bloodstream, tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus gland.

4. Monocytes- Filter out of the bloodstream and take up residence in body tissue, where they differentiate into the macrophages.

5. Neutrophils- The first whits blood cells to combat infection.

Part 2. Lymphatic System

Question 3. Explain how the lymphatic system is physiologically and anatomically related to the cardiovascular system?

Our bodies have two different circulatory systems. One being the heart and the other is the lymphatic system. The heart pumps blood through ateries and veins, bringing oxygen and energy to the body. 

The lymphatic system recycles lymph fluid, which leaks from the arteries and veins from the legs, through the trunk of the body and then collected and filtered by the lymph nodes. Then fluid is released into the bloodstream.

Part 3. Nonspecific Body Defenses

1. Name and explain three ways the integumentary system provides the first line of defense.

The Integumentary system has many functions in protecting and regulating your body. It works closely with the immune system, nervous system, digestive system, and the circulatory system.  The Integumentary system helps protect internal living tissues and organs, Protects against infectious organisms, helps dispose of waste, acts as a receptor for touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold, stores water and fat.

2. Explain the protective role of cilia. From what primary tissue type do cilia arise?

The role of cilia is to move materials along the surface of cells. The cilia is located in the respiratory tract and enables us to be able to cough when something foreign is inhaled.

Process of Phagocytosis.

Two cell types that perform Phagocytosis.

5. Describe the process involved in the inflammatory response. Include all chemicals and cell types.

The inflammatory process starts where tissues are injured. The damaged cells release chemicals which stimulate cells that are connective tissue cells that release histamine. Histamine then vasodilates the vessels. This then allows phagocytes to pass through capillary walls. This brings more blood to the injured area making it blood rich and warm. The increasing temperature increases activity. The extra fluid dilutes pathogens and toxins which brings the damaged area off the healthy tissue.  

6. Explain and sketch the mechanism by which complement kills bacteria.

 Part 4. Specific Body Defenses.

1. What is the major histocompatibility complex?

Human cells have surface proteins that can act as antigens. Cells have unique proteins that can recognize cells that belong to you. These are know as major histocompatibility. 

2. Describe and sketch the basic structure of an antibody. How many different types of antibodies do you have in your body?

 There are 5 classes of antibody's in the body.
IgG, IgM, IgA, Igd, IgE

Clonal Expansion

4.   How does interferon operate?

Interferon stimulates the production of proteins that interfere with viral production.

5.  What is the difference between cell mediated and antibody mediated immune response?

 The difference is cell immunity. Cells directly attack foreign cells that carry antigens that and release proteins the triggers immune response.  Antibody mediated immunity B cells produce antibodies proteins that bind with antigens. 

6. Name the cells involved in the cell mediated immune response.

The cells involved in cell mediated immune response are T cells

7. Name the cells involved in the antibody mediate immune response.

 The cells involved in antibody mediated immune response are B cells

8.   Explain the difference between passive immunization and active immunization and give an example of each.

Active immunization- Is the process of the body's immune system in advance. It involves administering  an antigen containing preparation or a vaccine. Example: oral vaccine for polio.

Passive immunization- Is used to fight an existing or even anticipated infection. Example: A blood transfusion from a PT with a disease from a PT that has already had the disease and was able to fight off the disease

  References

https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20110529134653AAO2nOW

 http://sciencenetlinks.com/student-teacher-sheets/integumentary-system/

 Johnson, Michael. Human Biology Concepts and Current Issues. Seventh ed. Print.

Lab 6 Blood

 LAB 6

Section 1.  Blood game

 
   
    Lab 6 was about matching blood types for two different car accident victims. Blood typing is based on the Rh factor. My first Pt was a female that had a blood type of: A Rh-.  Knowing that this Pt had type A blood she was only able to accept type A or type O blood. I set up two transfusion bags, the first was A Rh- the type of the Pt and the second was O Rh-. Both these were successful and the Pt lived. The second Pt was a male with: A Rh+ blood type. Again this Pt was A type so was restricted to type A and O blood. This Pt required four different transfusion bags. The first was the victims same blood type: A Rh+ the second bag I choose was: O Rh+ the third was: A Rh- and the final bag was: O Rh-. All these were successful and the Pt lived. At the end of the exercise I was awarded 5 blood drops for my efforts. With both these Pt's being A blood type "a transfusion of any type B or AB blood would provoke antibodies to mount an attack against the B antigen of the donated RBCs causing them to agglutinate."(Johnson p.153)


Section 2. Leukocytes


 


1. Basophils- The rarest white blood cells. They contain histamine that releases a chemical the initiates the inflammatory response.

2. Eosinophils- These are the first to defend the body against large parasites such as worms.

3. Lymphocytes- These are found in the bloodstream, tonsils,spleen,lymph nodes, and thymus gland.

4. Monocytes- These filter out the bloodstream and take up residence in body tissues, where they differentiate into the macrophages.

5. Neutrophils- These are the first white blood cells to combat infection.

Johnson, Michael. Human Biology Concepts and Current Issues. Seveth ed. Glenview: Pearson Education, 2014. Print.

Lab 5

Kris Porter Professor Joanne Oellers October 4, 2015 Lab 5 Chicken wing Dissection Section 1. The first observation I noticed right off hand was of course the epidermis. It had a rough texture from the feather follicles and the skin was really light in color. Second was the small blood vessels that lye between the epidermis and dermis. Third was the dermis that had the root follicles for the feathers. Lastly was possibly the hypodermic that had small adipose tissue.

4 observations of connective tissue. Green pin- Tendon, dense tissue, strong, lower layer of skin. White pin- Loose tissue, surrounds organs,muscles,blood vessels, flexible and moderately strong. Pink pin- Cartilage, maintains shape and resists compression, Lining of joints. Purple pin- Adipose tissue, stores energy in the form of fat, under skin and around internal organs. These are examples of both fibrous which provides strength and flexibility and special which is a group of bone, cartilage,and bone connective tissues. The two observations I made about the fat tissue outside the skin were the texture soft and dense and the color. The yellow color being different from the white fat tissue under the skin. The biological term Adipocyte is used in the storage of fat and are mainly composed of adipose tissue and specialize in energy fat storage and absorb important nutrients. The two observations I noticed with the muscle bundles arrangements were the tricep and bicep same as a human and that they are antagonistic to one another. This sketch is of an individual muscle fiber. They can range in diameter from 10 to 120 micrometers. They are nearly invisible to the naked eye.

The function of this muscle tissue is to provide stability and structure along with thousands of other muscle fibers. This muscle fiber has two distinct characteristics first each cell contains one nucleus and two the muscle structures are parallel which are called myofibrils. Muscle and nerve. Pink pin - marks the tricep muscle. Purple pin- marks the muscle nerve

Tendon to Muscle & Tendon to Bone Purple pin- Shows to attachment points of a tendon to a bone. Pink pin- Shows a tendon attached to a muscle. When I was going to sketch this I explored a little more and was able to find this great example. This is showing the different tendon attachment points.

Ligaments and tendons serve different purposes and vary in shape and size. Ligaments serve as connectors linking bones to bones. Tendons serve as connectors linking muscles to bones. Although these may look the same in a way they do have different minor characteristics. Ligaments are usually long stringy dense fibers that create bands of tough fibrous connective tissue. Ligaments are fibers that criss-cross and overlap. Tendons look similar but the fibers run parallel and twist. The bone structure starting from left to right. Purple pin (far left) - Humerus White pin- Elbow Yellow pin- Radius Blue pin-Ulna White pin-Wrist Yellow pin- Thumb (alula) Pink pin- Hand Blue pin- Digits

The elbow in a chicken wing is a synovial joint which can move freely. The motion is called a hinge joint cause it can only move on one plane. When the radius and ulna were separated the shiny, slightly slippery, ends of the bones were the cartilage. This is under special connective tissue. This helps bones move without grinding together causing trauma. Bones provide the frame to keep a body supported, they provide safety for important organs, and blood production through the marrow. The soft material in bones is called bone marrow. There are two types, yellow and red. red is used to create new red blood cells, and yellow creates white blood cells. Three types of cells are: Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts

References Complete Soccer Training. Blogspot.Web.4 Oct.2015 http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2012/05/functional-anatomy-of-skeletal-muscle.html Johnson, Michael D. Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues. 4th ed. San Francisco: Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Print.

lab 5( you have to copy address and paste it in address bar)

https://www.icloud.com/pages/AwBWCAESEIt4og6RjWgUptNVfXoEiq4aKiLzlDc7s_1BeCIacM9hKPhTxg7cpqj1lfFxomimcWbZPSEEwqy8TirHRQMCUCAQEEIL_IDaHj6lhC9oAtoJgjfndpC7iLdbmpSqUWKYnk3A5c#lab5